越坏。
19.10 比较until和till
此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时",动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。肯定句:I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。
Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。(在肯定句中可用before代替。例如 Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.)
否定句:She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock. 她直到6点才到。
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽车停稳后再下车。
I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我后,我才会做。
区别:1)until可用于句首,而till通常不用于句首。例如:
Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. 直到你告诉我以前,出了什么事我一点也不知道。
2)until when 疑问句中,until要放在句首。例如:
---Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么时候?
--- Until next Monday. 呆到下周一。
注意:否定句可用另外两种句式表示。
1)Not until…在句首,主句用倒装。例如:
Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. 直到19 世纪初,人类才知道热为何物。
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.
直到工作,才认识到我已蹉跎了几多岁月。
2)It is not until… that… 。例如:
It was not until I began to work that I realized how much time I had wasted.
19.11 表示"一…就…"的结构
hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than 和as soon as都可以表示"一…就…"的意思。例如:
I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain. 刚回家,就下起雨来了。
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
注意:如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首,句子必须用倒装结构。例如:
Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
第二十章 连词
20. 连词
连词不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如:and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both…and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, (and)then等等。
20.1 并列连词与并列结构
并列连词引导两个并列的词、词组或句子。
1) and 与or
判断改错:(错)They sat down and talk about something.
(错)They started to dance and sang.
(错)I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.
(对)They sat down and talked about something.
(对)They started to dance and sing.
(对)I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.
解析:第一句: and 连接两个并列的谓语,所以 talk 应改为 talked。
第二句:and 连接两个并列的动词不定式,第二个不定式往往省略to,因此sang 应改为 sing。
第三句:and 连接感观动词saw 后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构,因此whisper应改为whispering。
注意:and 还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。(or也有此用法)例如:
Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance. 拿定主意,这次你会有机会的。
= If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.
One more effort, and you'll succeed. 再努力一下,你会成功的。
= If you make one more effort, you'll succeed.
2) both…and 两者都。例如:
She plays (both) the piano and the guitar. 她弹钢琴,也弹吉他。
3) not only…but (also), as well as不但…而且。例如:
She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar. 她不但弹钢琴,也弹吉他。
注意:not only… but also 关联两个分句时,一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。例如:
Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.他不但喜欢读小说,甚至还会写。
4) neithe…nor 意思为"既不……也不……"谓语动词采用就近原则,与nor后的词保持一致。例如:
Neither you nor he is to blame. 你和他都不该受指责。
20.2 比较and和or
1) 并列结构中,or通常用于否定句,and用于肯定句。$$$$文$$檔$$共$$享$$與$$在$$線$$閱$$讀$$
2) 但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点:
There is no air or water in the moon.
There is no air and no water on the moon.
在否定中并列结构用or 连接,但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构,因此要用and。
典型例题
---I don't like chicken ___ fish.
---I don't like chicken, ___ I like fish very much.
A. and; and B. and; but C. or; but D. or;and
答案C。否定句中表并列用or, but 表转折。
判断改错:(错)We will die without air and water.
(错)We can't live without air or water.
(对)We will die without air or water.
(对)We can't live without air and water.
20.3 表示选择的并列结构
1) or意思为"否则"。例如:
I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam. 我要努力学习,否则考试要不及格了。
2) either…or 意思为"或者……或者……"。注意谓语动词的主谓一致采用就近原则。例如:
Either you or I am right. 不是你对,就是我对。
20.4 表示转折或对比
1) but表示转折,while表示对比。例如:
Some people love cats, while others hate them.有些人喜欢猫,而有些人不喜欢。
典型例题
--- Would you lik