《薄冰英语语法》作者:薄冰_第47頁
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He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock.  他一直睡到10点。    
  典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times. 
A. had met B. have met  C. met D. meet
  答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,several times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
  ---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been  B. had been  C. was D. will be
  答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。

11.15 过去完成时
1) 概念:表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前  那时 现在      
2) 用法
  a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如:
   She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
  b. 状语从句
   在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如:
   When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。
  c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"。例如:
   We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。
3)过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如:
  He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。
  By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了。
典型例题:
  The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office. 
A. had written, left B,were writing, has left  C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
  答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前,因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
注意:① had hardly… when  还没等…… 就……。例如:
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门,他就打了我。
② had no sooner…than   刚…… 就……。例如:
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。
 
11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1)两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时。例如:
   When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起来。
   My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了。
2)两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。例如:
   When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3)叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。例如:
   Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.

11.17 将来完成时
  1) 构成will have done
  2) 概念 
a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
  b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如:
   You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时,你已经到达上海了。
   
11.18 现在进行时
  现在进行时的基本用法:
  a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如:
   We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
  b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如:★★網★
   Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)
  c. 表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如:
   The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。
   It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。
  d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如:
   You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。
典型例题:
  My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it. 
  A. has lost, don't find   B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found  D. is missing, haven't found.  
  答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。

11.19 不用进行时的动词
1)表示事实状态的动词,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如:I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。
   This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。
  2)表示心理状态的动词,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如:I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。
   He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。
  3)瞬间动词,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如:
   I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。
 4)系动词,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如:
   You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。

11.20 过去进行时
1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;
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